Vitamin E

A nutrient that the body requires in small amounts to stay healthy and work the way it should. It is fat-soluble (can liquify in fats and oils) and is found in seeds, nuts, leafy green veggies, and veggie oils. Vitamin E increases the body immune system and helps keep embolism from forming. It also assists avoid cell damage triggered by complimentary radicals (extremely reactive chemicals). Vitamin E is being studied in the avoidance and treatment of some types of cancer. It is a kind of antioxidant. Also called alpha-tocopherol. (1 )

Introduction

Vitamin E is a vitamin that liquifies in fat. It is discovered in many foods consisting of vegetable oils, cereals, meat, poultry, eggs, and fruits.

Vitamin E is a crucial vitamin required for the proper function of many organs in the body. It is also an antioxidant. Vitamin E that happens naturally in foods (rrr-alpha-tocopherol) is different from manufactured vitamin E that remains in supplements (all-rac-alpha-tocopherol).

Vitamin E is used for treating vitamin E deficiency, which is unusual, however can take place in people with particular congenital diseases and in really low-weight premature babies. Vitamin E is also used for numerous other conditions, but there is no good clinical proof to support many of these other usages. (2 ).

History

Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) was discovered nearly 100 years back because it was needed to prevent fetal resorption in pregnant, vitamin E-deficient rats fed lard-containing diets that were easily oxidizable. The human diet plan contains 8 different vitamin E-related particles manufactured by plants; despite the fact that all of these particles are peroxyl radical scavengers, the human body prefers α-tocopherol. The biological activity of vitamin E is extremely reliant upon regulatory mechanisms that serve to maintain α-tocopherol and excrete the non-α-tocopherol kinds. This choice depends on the combination of the function of α-tocopherol transfer protein (α-ttp) to enrich the plasma with α-tocopherol and the metabolic process of non-α-tocopherols. Α-ttp is vital for human health because anomalies in this protein lead to serious vitamin E shortage defined by neurologic problems, particularly ataxia and eventually death if vitamin E is not supplied in big amounts to conquer the absence of α-ttp. Α-tocopherol works as a peroxyl radical scavenger that secures polyunsaturated fats in membranes and lipoproteins. Although particular pathways and particular molecular targets have actually been looked for in a range of research studies, the most likely description regarding why people require vitamin E is that it is a fat-soluble antioxidant. (3 ).

Synthesis

Biosynthesis

Photosynthesizing plants, algae and cyanobacteria manufacture tocochromanols, the chemical household of substances comprised of four tocopherols and four tocotrienols; in a nutrition context this household is described as vitamin E. Biosynthesis starts with formation of the closed-ring part of the molecule as homogentisic acid (hga). The side chain is connected (saturated for tocopherols, polyunsaturated for tocotrienols). The pathway for both is the same, so that gamma- is produced and from that alpha-, or delta- is created and from that the beta- substances. Biosynthesis happens in the plastids.

Regarding why plants manufacture tocochromanols, the major factor appears to be for antioxidant activity. Different parts of plants, and various types, are dominated by various tocochromanols. The primary form in leaves, and thus leafy green vegetables is α-tocopherol. Place remains in chloroplast membranes, in close proximity to the photosynthetic procedure. The function is to safeguard versus damage from the ultraviolet radiation of sunshine. Under normal growing conditions the existence of α-tocopherol does not appear to be essential, as there are other photo-protective substances, and plants that through mutations have lost the ability to manufacture α-tocopherol demonstrate regular growth. Nevertheless, under stressed growing conditions such as drought, raised temperature level or salt-induced oxidative tension, the plants’ physiological status transcends if it has the typical synthesis capacity.

Seeds are lipid-rich, to offer energy for germination and early development. Tocochromanols protect the seed lipids from oxidizing and becoming rancid. The presence of tocochromanols extends seed durability, and promotes successful germination and seedling growth. Gamma-tocopherol dominates in seeds of most plant types, however there are exceptions. For canola, corn and soy bean oils, there is more γ-tocopherol than α-tocopherol, but for safflower, sunflower and olive oils the reverse holds true. Of the typically used food oils, palm oil is unique because tocotrienol content is higher than tocopherol content. Seed tocochromanols content is likewise dependent on environmental stress factors. In almonds, for instance, dry spell or raised temperature level increase α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol material of the nuts. The very same article mentions that drought increases the tocopherol material of olives, and heat also for soybeans.

Industrial synthesis

Naturally sourced d-alpha-tocopherol can be drawn out and cleansed from seed oils, or gamma-tocopherol can be extracted, cleansed, and methylated to produce d-alpha-tocopherol. In contrast to alpha-tocopherol extracted from plants, which is also called d-alpha-tocopherol, industrial synthesis develops dl-alpha-tocopherol. “it is manufactured from a mix of toluene and 2,3,5-trimethyl-hydroquinone that reacts with isophytol to all-rac-alpha-tocopherol, using iron in the existence of hydrogen chloride gas as catalyst. The reaction mixture obtained is filtered and extracted with liquid caustic soda. Toluene is gotten rid of by evaporation and the residue (all rac-alpha-tocopherol) is purified by vacuum distillation.” specification for the component is >> 97% pure. This artificial dl-alpha-tocopherol has around 50% of the strength of d-alpha-tocopherol. Producers of dietary supplements and strengthened foods for people or domesticated animals convert the phenol form of the vitamin to an ester utilizing either acetic acid or succinic acid because the esters are more chemically steady, providing for a longer shelf-life. The ester forms are de-esterified in the gut and taken in as complimentary alpha-tocopherol. (4 ).

Function

Vitamin E has the following functions:.

1. It is an anti-oxidant. This means it secures body tissue from damage triggered by compounds called totally free radicals. Free radicals can hurt cells, tissues, and organs. They are thought to contribute in particular conditions associated with aging.
2. It assists keep the body immune system strong versus infections and germs.
3. It assists form red cell and widen blood vessels to keep blood from clotting inside them.
4. It helps the body usage vitamin k.
5. Cells also utilize vitamin E to interact with each other. It helps them perform many essential functions.

Whether vitamin E can prevent cancer, heart disease, dementia, liver illness, and stroke still requires more research study. (5 ).

Food sources

Vitamin E is discovered in plant-based oils, nuts, seeds, fruits, and vegetables.

• Wheat bacterium oil
• Sunflower, safflower, and soybean oil
• Sunflower seeds
• Almonds
• Peanuts, peanut butter
• Beet greens, collard greens, spinach
• Pumpkin
• Red bell pepper
• Asparagus
• Mango
• Avocado (6 )

System of action

The system of action for the majority of vitamin E’s effects are still unknown. Vitamin E is an antioxidant, avoiding free extreme reactions with cell membranes. Though in some cases vitamin E has been shown to have pro-oxidant activity.

One system of vitamin E’s antioxidant effect remains in the termination of lipid peroxidation. Vitamin E reacts with unstable lipid radicals, producing stable lipids and a fairly stable vitamin E radical. The vitamin E radical is then minimized back to stable vitamin E by reaction with ascorbate or glutathione. (7 ).

Benefits of vitamin E

Though vitamin E is typically considered a single compound, it’s in fact a group of 8 fat-soluble compounds with effective antioxidant results.

Of these 8 chemical forms, alpha-tocopherol finest fulfills the dietary requirements of people.

Vitamin E exists naturally in specific foods, including seeds, nuts, some vegetables, and some fortified items. You can likewise take it as a dietary supplement.

It plays lots of roles in your body. It’s maybe best known for its antioxidant results, protecting your cells from oxidative damage by reducing the effects of harmful particles called free radicals. In addition, it’s required for appropriate immune function and cellular signaling.

That’s why it’s not unexpected that research suggests taking vitamin E supplements might benefit your health in numerous ways.

This article covers 8 possible benefits of vitamin E.

May reduce markers of oxidative stress and improve antioxidant defenses

Oxidative tension is a condition that takes place when there’s an imbalance in between your body’s antioxidant defenses and the production and build-up of substances called reactive oxygen species (ros). This can cause cellular damage and increased disease threat.

Due to the fact that vitamin E functions as an effective anti-oxidant in the body, research studies have shown that supplementing with high doses of it can decrease markers of oxidative stress and boost antioxidant defenses in some populations.

For instance, a 2018 research study in 54 people with diabetic nephropathy– kidney damage caused by high blood glucose– discovered that supplementing with 800 iu of vitamin E per day for 12 weeks substantially increased levels of glutathione peroxidase (gpx) compared to a placebo.

Gpx is a group of antioxidant enzymes that secure your cells from oxidative damage.

A 2021 study likewise showed that supplementing with a mix of vitamin E and vitamin c daily for 8 weeks reduced markers of oxidative tension, such as malondialdehyde and ros, in females with endometriosis.

Might minimize heart disease threat aspects

Having high blood pressure and high levels of blood lipids such as ldl (bad) cholesterol and triglycerides might increase your risk of establishing heart disease.

Promisingly, research study suggests that vitamin E supplements may help reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors such as these in some people.

A 2019 evaluation of 18 studies found that, compared to placebo treatments, vitamin E supplements significantly decreased systolic however not diastolic high blood pressure– the top and bottom varieties of high blood pressure readings, respectively.

Some research studies likewise show that taking vitamin E with omega-3 supplements might lower ldl and triglyceride levels in individuals with metabolic syndrome– a cluster of conditions, including high blood fat levels, that increases the danger of cardiovascular disease and other health conditions.

Might benefit those with nonalcoholic fatty liver illness (nafld)

Nafld includes a number of conditions that trigger an accumulation of fat in the liver in people who drink little or no alcohol.

According to research findings, vitamin E supplements might improve some aspects of health in people with nafld.

A 2021 evaluation of eight studies found that supplementing with vitamin E minimized levels of the liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (alt) and aspartate aminotransferase (ast), reduced blood lipid levels, and improved liver health in people with nafld.

Raised ast and alt levels can show liver inflammation and damage in people with nafld, so lower levels are favorable.

Might help handle dysmenorrhea

Dysmenorrhea is a condition identified by extreme and regular menstrual pain, such as cramps and pelvic discomfort.

Promisingly, research suggests vitamin E supplements might decrease discomfort in females with this condition.

In a 2018 study in 100 ladies with dysmenorrhea, taking 200 iu of vitamin E day-to-day relieved menstrual pain more than a placebo. The effects were even better when the vitamin was combined with an omega-3 supplement consisting of 180 mg of epa and 120 mg of dha.

Additionally, a 2021 study revealed that supplementing with a mix of vitamin E and vitamin c daily for 8 weeks helped reduce the severity of pelvic discomfort and dysmenorrhea in ladies with endometriosis.

Other prospective health benefits

Vitamin E supplements have actually also been connected to several other health advantages:.

May benefit skin health. Vitamin E supplements might be practical for those with particular skin conditions, such as eczema. Nevertheless, research is currently restricted, and more studies are needed to find out more about this possible advantage.

May advantage cognitive health. Keeping optimal vitamin E levels and taking supplements might help protect versus cognitive decrease. But it’s still uncertain whether the supplements benefit individuals with cognitive conditions like alzheimer’s disease.

May advantage older adults. Due to the fact that vitamin E plays important roles in health, such as lowering inflammation and enhancing immune function, supplements may benefit individuals who have actually increased requirements or don’t get enough in their diets, such as some older grownups.

May improve lung function. Studies have revealed that vitamin E supplements might improve lung function and certain signs of asthma in kids and grownups. (8 ).

Role of vitamin E in pregnancy

Vitamins play important roles in female health. They are necessary for numerous functions, consisting of menstruation and ovulation, oocyte (egg) quality and maturation. Vitamin E was first found in 1922 as a substance required for recreation. It has ended up being commonly called an effective lipid-soluble anti-oxidant. There are various reports on the advantages of vitamin E on health in general. Vitamin E helps your body produce and maintain red blood cells, healthy skin, eyes and enhances your natural immune system. Nevertheless, regardless of it being initially discovered as a vitamin essential for reproduction, to date studies connecting to its results in this area are doing not have. Vitamin E supplements may help reduce the danger of pregnancy problems involving oxidative tension, such as pre-eclampsia. This chapter is written to supply an evaluation of the known roles of vitamin E in pregnancy. (9 ).

Skin health advantages of vitamin E for guys

While it might be uncommon for guys to have a vitamin E deficiency, this hasn’t stopped much of them from scooping up skin care products containing it (including our effective firming serum). Here is why a growing variety of males are incorporating vitamin E into their everyday skin care routine.

Anti-aging

Are you starting to reveal signs of crow’s feet? Vitamin E protects skin cells from totally free radicals, which helps slow down indications of aging. This is true whether you take in foods rich in vitamin E or apply it topically.

In fact, vitamin E is typically used in sunscreens and daily moisturizers for males due to its photoprotective homes. Research reveals that alpha-tocopherol, the main naturally happening isomer in vitamin E, can possibly prevent dna cell damage from uv rays (see claim: “topical application of alpha-tocopherol (alphath), the most popular naturally happening type of vitamin E, hinders ultraviolet (uv) b-induced photocarcinogenesis and dna photodamage in c3h mice in vivo”.).

Wound recovery

There has actually been a significant quantity of anecdotal evidence that vitamin E can accelerate wound healing and potentially reduce acne scars. While there isn’t much in the method of clinical proof on vitamin E’s function in wound healing, research study does suggest that keeping skin hydrated is essential to reducing the look of scars (see claim: “the discovery that a wet environment actively supports the healing response when compared to a dry environment highlights the value of water and good hydration levels for ideal recovery.”).

Guy who slather on lotion containing vitamin E might be seeing a decrease in scarring simply since they are hydrating their skin regularly. Using an everyday men’s moisturizer can help you achieve similar skin care benefits by smoothing out flaws and securing your face from sun damage.

Battles acne

Men tend to have actually oilier skin compared to women, which can cause serious acne breakouts. If you’re wondering whether vitamin E can assist you control your breakouts, the response is perhaps.

There are some studies which recommend that a diet abundant in vitamin E (together with vitamin a and zinc) can help reduce acne signs. Nevertheless, studies on how vitamin E can benefit acne victims are minimal and inconclusive.

With studies being so minimal, vitamin E isn’t recommended as a standalone solution to acne. Rather, guys are much better off using an acne treatment system formulated for their skin. (10 ).

What can vitamin E do for hair?

Vitamin E has natural antioxidant results that could assist to keep hair growth.

Individuals have declared that vitamin E uses several benefits for hair health, but many of these claims lack strenuous scientific evidence to back them up.

The majority of the claims about vitamin E’s role in hair health relate to its antioxidant homes. These concentrate on the concept that it can minimize cell damage and improve hair growth.

We investigate a few of the most common claims listed below.

Might help support a healthy scalp

Vitamin E may help support a healthy scalp and hair as it has natural antioxidant effects that might help with preserving hair development.

The vitamin’s antioxidant residential or commercial properties might help reduce the quantity of oxidative stress and free radicals that trigger the hair follicle cells in an individual’s scalp to break down.

Assist prevent loss of hair

There is some restricted proof to support the claim that vitamin E can assist prevent hair loss.

A small research study utilizing an overall of 38 volunteers experiencing loss of hair examined the function that vitamin E played in avoiding this loss. The research study found that a person of the elements of vitamin E did improve the hair growth of the volunteers compared with a placebo.

More research study is still essential to identify how vitamin E impacts loss of hair.

Increased shine

According to some people, vitamin E can assist renew shine that the hair loses as a result of damage. Chemicals, heat, and other styling products can all harm the hair.

A person can bring back shine using oils, which supply an extra layer of defense to the skin and hair. Lots of makers will add vitamin E to their items to help bring back shine.

There is minimal research study on how reliable vitamin E is at making the hair shinier again. (11 )

Eye advantages of vitamin

Almonds and other nuts are outstanding sources of natural vitamin E.

Research recommends vitamin E might help in reducing the worsening of age-related macular degeneration (amd) amongst people who show early indications of the eye illness.

In the age-related eye illness research study (areds) involving almost 5,000 individuals, participants with early amd had a 25 percent lower danger of developing sophisticated stages of the disease when taking a daily dietary supplement including vitamin E. The areds supplement consisted of 400 international systems (iu) of vitamin E, along with high levels of vitamin a (as beta-carotene), vitamin c and zinc.

Based upon areds and other nutritional studies, many eye doctors suggest that their clients supplement their diet plan with a day-to-day multivitamin which contains approximately 400 iu of vitamin E in mix with other antioxidants as part of their preventative eye care.

Some studies suggest vitamin E likewise might contribute in preventing cataracts:.

In a big, long-term research study of more than 3,000 grownups (ages 43 to 86) in wisconsin, five-year threat for cataracts was 60 percent lower amongst people who reported using multivitamins or any supplement consisting of vitamin E or vitamin c for more than ten years, compared to nonusers.

In a 2008 research study that examined the dietary intake of more than 35,000 female health professionals, ladies whose diet plans (consisting of supplements) had the highest levels of lutein and vitamin E had a lower relative risk of cataracts than females whose diets remained in the lowest 20 percent for levels of these nutrients.

However, a current study of apparently healthy older males in the united states failed to show any benefit of vitamin E supplementation in the prevention of cataracts.

More than 11,000 males ages 50 and older (african-american participants) or 55 and older (all other individuals) took a daily vitamin E supplement (400 iu of dl-alpha-tocopherol) or a placebo pill for roughly five and a half years. At the end of the research study duration, there was no significant distinction in the number of cataract medical diagnoses or cataract surgical treatments carried out amongst individuals of the two groups.

It appears more research study is needed to completely comprehend the potential eye benefits of vitamin E– especially in regards to whether vitamin E supplements can reduce the risk of cataracts. (12 ).

Vitamin E deficiency

Vitamin E shortage triggered by a diet low in vitamin E is common in developing nations. In developed countries, the cause is usually an absorption disorder. Some babies are born with vitamin E deficiency, which generally improves with supplements.

• Vitamin E deficiency may trigger impaired reflexes and coordination, trouble walking, and weak muscles.
• Premature babies with the shortage may establish a severe form of anemia.
• The diagnosis is based upon signs and results of a physical exam.
• Taking vitamin E supplements fixes the shortage.

Vitamin E (tocopherol) is an anti-oxidant: it secures cells against damage by totally free radicals, which are spin-offs of typical cell activity and which take part in chain reactions within cells. Some of these responses can be harmful.

Vitamin E, like vitamins a, d, and k, is a fat-soluble vitamin, which liquifies in fat and is best soaked up when consumed with some fat. Great sources of vitamin E include vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, green leafy vegetables, and wheat bacterium.

Newborns have a relatively low reserve of vitamin E since just percentages of vitamin E cross the placenta. Thus, newborns, particularly premature newborns, are at increased threat of vitamin E deficiency. Nevertheless, with age, threat reduces since infants generally get enough vitamin E in breast milk or in commercial solutions. Adults can save big amounts of vitamin E in fat tissue, making the shortage less likely.

Causes of vitamin E deficiency

A really low fat diet plan lacks vitamin E, due to the fact that vegetable oils are the main source of this vitamin and since vitamin E is best soaked up when eaten with some fat. Disorders that impair fat absorption (such as particular liver conditions, gallbladder conditions, pancreatitis, and cystic fibrosis) can also minimize the absorption of vitamin E and increase the danger of vitamin E shortage.

In the united states and other developed countries, vitamin E deficiency is rare among older kids and grownups and is typically due to.

• A condition that hinders fat absorption (malabsorption disorder)
• In establishing nations, the most common reason for vitamin E deficiency is
• Inadequate intake of vitamin E

Symptoms of vitamin E deficiency

In kids, signs might include slow reflexes, trouble walking, loss of coordination, loss of position sense (knowing where the limbs are without taking a look at them), and muscle weakness.

In adults with vitamin E deficiency due to a malabsorption condition, these symptoms rarely establish since adults save large quantities of vitamin E in fat (adipose) tissue.

Vitamin E deficiency can trigger a kind of anemia in which red cell rupture (hemolytic anemia). Early infants who have a vitamin E shortage are at danger of this severe condition.

In premature infants, bleeding (hemorrhage) may occur within the brain, and blood vessels in the eyes might grow abnormally (a disorder called retinopathy of prematurity). Impacted newborns likewise have weak muscles. (13 ).

Vitamin E negative effects

Get emergency situation medical aid if you have any of these signs of an allergy to vitamin E: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.

Stop taking vitamin E and call your physician at once if you have:.

• Headache, lightheadedness, vision changes;
• A light-headed feeling, like you may lose consciousness;
• Uncommon weakness or exhausted sensation;
• Diarrhea, stomach cramps; or
• Easy bruising or bleeding (nosebleeds, bleeding gums).

Common vitamin E negative effects may consist of:.

• Queasiness;
• Exhausted sensation
• Headache; or
• Mild rash. (14 )

Dosage and preparation

The advised dietary allowance (rda) for vitamin E is 15 mg. Many vitamin E supplements offer around 67 mg of the nutrient, which is much greater than the rda. Those requiring a vitamin E supplement likely have actually a detected vitamin E deficiency, which is far more proper for the 60 to 75 mg each day dose provided in a supplement. Big dose vitamin E supplements should be approached with care and talked about with your physician ahead of time.

Vitamin E supplements are offered in two types: artificial and natural. The natural form of vitamin E is alpha-tocopherol while the artificial form is di-alpha-tocopherol. Both work well, however, a bigger dose of the synthetic form is required to achieve similar results. You can also discover vitamin E supplements containing both types of alpha-tocopherol, called mixed tocopherols. (15 ).

Interactions

Use of some drugs can affect your vitamin E levels. Possible interactions consist of:.

Alkylating agents and anti-tumor prescription antibiotics. There’s concern that high dosages of vitamin E might affect the use of these chemotherapy drugs.

Anticoagulants and anti-platelet drugs, herbs and supplements. Use of vitamin E with these drugs, herbs and supplements to lower blood clotting may increase the risk of bleeding.

Cytochrome p450 3a4 (cyp3a4) substrates. Usage caution when taking vitamin E and other drugs impacted by these enzymes, such as omeprazole (prilosec, zegerid).

Statins and niacin. Taking vitamin E with statins or niacin, which may benefit individuals with high cholesterol, might lower niacin’s effect.

Vitamin k. Taking vitamin E with vitamin k may reduce the impacts of vitamin k. (16 ).

What are cautions and safety measures for vitamin E?

Cautions

This medication includes vitamin E. Do not take aquasol e, alpha-tocopherol, or tocopherol if you dislike vitamin E or any ingredients included in this drug.

Stay out of reach of children. In case of overdose, get medical assistance or get in touch with a toxin control center right away. (17 ).

Conclusion

Vitamin E was first used as a supplement in canada by the physicians shute and shute; based upon the favorable results it accomplished, they began utilizing it regularly in their practices. Ever since, properly designed experimental and medical research studies have progressed steadily and increased our understanding of vitamin E. The antioxidative properties of vitamin E have been discovered to play an important function in the battle against various diseases such as atherosclerosis, oxidative stress, cancer, cataract and advertisement, to name a few.

This evaluation focused on the important functions of vitamin E in some diseases; in addition to these, this vitamin has been discovered to be effective against asthma, allergies and diabetes, among others. Discussion of the dietary sources, rda and the interaction of vitamin E supplements with other dietary elements, has actually demonstrated the requirement for and significance of vitamin E in the human context. Therefore, raising public awareness of the role of dietary antioxidants in keeping much better health would benefit a number of lives.

Apart from the huge benefits reported, there has actually constantly been debate about the precise function of vitamin E and its role in different diseases. There are numerous clashing reports of favorable and unfavorable results on the very same biological activities in the literature. The main limitation in determining the roles of vitamin E in human health is the absence of verified biomarkers for vitamin E intake and status, which would assist to relate consumption to possible clinical results. In conclusion, although the data surrounding vitamin E is inconsistent, the present literature appears to support the view that the advantages exceed the side-effects. (18 ).

Referrals

1. Https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/vitamin-e
2. Https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-954/vitamin-e
3. Https://www.karger.com/article/abstract/343106
4. Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vitamin_e
5. Https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002406.htm
6. Https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamin-e/
7. Https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/db00163
8. Https://www.healthline.com/health/all-about-vitamin-e#58.-other-potential-health-benefits
9. Https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/76117
10. Https://www.tiege.com/blogs/news/what-are-the-benefits-of-vitamin-e-for-men
11. Https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322836
12. Https://sinchewoptics.com.sg/blogs/news/vitamin-e-benefits-for-your-eyes-and-vision
13. Https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/disorders-of-nutrition/vitamins/vitamin-e-deficiency
14. Https://www.drugs.com/vitamin_e.html
15. Https://www.verywellfit.com/vitamin-e-supplements-what-you-need-to-know-90042
16. Https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements-vitamin-e/art-20364144
17. Https://www.rxlist.com/consumer_vitamin_e_aquasol_e_tocopherol/drugs-condition.htm
18. Https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc3997530/