Table of Contents
Meaning
A nutrient that the body needs in percentages to function and stay healthy. Vitamin D assists the body use calcium and phosphorus to make strong bones and teeth. It is fat-soluble (can dissolve in fats and oils) and is discovered in fatty fish, egg yolks, and dairy products. Skin exposed to sunshine can likewise make Vitamin D. Insufficient Vitamin D can cause a bone illness called rickets. It is being studied in the avoidance and treatment of some kinds of cancer. Likewise called cholecalciferol. (1 )
Overview
Vitamin D is a necessary nutrient and hormonal agent with several functions in the body consisting of bone health, regulation of serum calcium and phosphate levels, along with roles in immune function, cell expansion, distinction, and apoptosis. Accordingly, Vitamin D shortage has actually been connected with a number of health results such as bone disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and autoimmune and infectious illness. Research study has turned to examining whether specific genetic versions in Vitamin D metabolism are connected with Vitamin D status or Vitamin D– related health results. Notably, not least because of advances in innovation and approach, a variety of large-scale hereditary association studies or prospect gene studies examined associations in between the Vitamin D-related genes dhcr7, nadsyn1, gc, cyp2r1, cyp27b1, and cyp24a1, and Vitamin D receptor and serum levels of Vitamin D.
Vitamin D can be manufactured in the skin, and it helps to facilitate digestive tract ca++ absorption. Ergosterol, which happens in plants, is a Vitamin D precursor. The active type of Vitamin D (1,25( oh) 2d) is a steroid hormonal agent. Kidney activation of Vitamin D is regulated by a number of endocrine aspects. Liver and/or kidney disease can lead to a 1,25( oh) 2d deficiency. Parathyroid hormone shortage can be treated through Vitamin D supplements. Cholecalciferol rodenticide poisoning can cause symptoms of Vitamin D toxicity. Glucocorticoids and calcitonin can be utilized to reverse symptoms of Vitamin D toxicity. (2 ).
History
The modern-day history of Vitamin D began in the mid-1800s, when it was seen that city kids were most likely to have rickets than rural kids. Half a century later on, palm reported that children raised in bright climates virtually never ever developed rickets. Mccollum isolated Vitamin D, and windaus its precursors, getting the nobel prize. Other researchers later on observed that individuals with skin cancer had lower prevalence of nonskin cancers, and that lower general death rates from all internal cancers combined existed in sunnier locations. These observations went mainly unnoticed, and the field stagnated up until 1970, when maps were created of cancer mortality rates. Through study of these maps, cedric and frank garland of johns hopkins university reported a strong latitudinal gradient for colon cancer mortality rates in 1980, and hypothesized that greater levels of Vitamin D substances in the serum of individuals in the south were responsible, and that calcium consumption likewise would minimize occurrence. Edward gorham and associates performed cohort and embedded studies, including the first study that found an association of a serum Vitamin D compound with reduced cancer danger. William b. Grant then brought outnumerous ecologic studies that extended the Vitamin D-cancer theory to other cancers. (3 ).
Working system
Vitamin D is brought via the blood to the liver, where it is converted into the prohormone calcifediol. Distributing calcifediol may then be converted into calcitriol– the biologically active type of Vitamin D– in the kidneys.
Whether manufactured in the skin or ingested, Vitamin D is hydroxylated in the liver at position 25 (upper right of the molecule) to form 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (calcifediol or 25( oh) d). This response is catalyzed by the microsomal enzyme Vitamin D 25-hydroxylase, the product of the cyp2r1 human gene, and expressed by hepatocytes. When made, the item is launched into the plasma, where it is bound to an α-globulin carrier protein called the Vitamin D-binding protein.
Calcifediol is transferred to the proximal tubules of the kidneys, where it is hydroxylated at the 1-α position (lower right of the molecule) to form calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, 1,25( oh) 2d). The conversion of calcifediol to calcitriol is catalyzed by the enzyme 25-hydroxyVitamin D3 1-alpha-hydroxylase, which is the item of the cyp27b1 human gene. The activity of cyp27b1 is increased by parathyroid hormonal agent, and also by low calcium or phosphate.
Following the final transforming step in the kidney, calcitriol is launched into the circulation. By binding to Vitamin D-binding protein, calcitriol is transported throughout the body, including to the intestine, kidneys, and bones. Calcitriol is the most potent natural ligand of the Vitamin D receptor, which mediates the majority of the physiological actions of Vitamin D.
In addition to the kidneys, calcitriol is likewise manufactured by certain other cells, including monocyte-macrophages in the body immune system. When manufactured by monocyte-macrophages, calcitriol acts in your area as a cytokine, regulating body defenses against microbial invaders by stimulating the natural body immune system.
Inactivation
The activity of calcifediol and calcitriol can be reduced by hydroxylation at position 24 by Vitamin D3 24-hydroxylase, forming secalciferol and calcitetrol, respectively.
Distinction in between substrates
Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) share a similar system of action as described above. Metabolites produced by Vitamin D2 are named with an er- or ergo- prefix to separate them from the d3-based equivalents (often with a chole- prefix).
Metabolites produced from Vitamin D2 tend to bind less well to the Vitamin D-binding protein.
Vitamin D3 can alternatively be hydroxylated to calcifediol by sterol 27-hydroxylase (cyp27a1), however Vitamin D2 can not.
Ergocalciferol can be straight hydroxylated at position 24 by cyp27a1. This hydroxylation likewise causes a higher degree of inactivation: the activity of calcitriol reduces to 60% of initial after 24-hydroxylation, whereas ercalcitriol goes through a 10-fold decrease in activity on conversion to ercalcitetrol.
It is contested whether these differences result in a quantifiable drop in effectiveness.
Intracellular systems
Calcitriol gets in the target cell and binds to the Vitamin D receptor in the cytoplasm. This triggered receptor enters the nucleus and binds to Vitamin D action components (vdre) which are specific dna series on genes. Transcription of these genes is stimulated and produces higher levels of the proteins which mediate the results of Vitamin D.
Some responses of the cell to calcitriol seem too quick for the classical vdre transcription pathway, resulting in the discovery of different non-genomic actions of Vitamin D. The membrane-bound pdia3 likely works as an alternate receptor in this path. The classical vdr may still contribute. (4 ).
Benefits of Vitamin D
Vitamin D– nicknamed the “sunlight vitamin” due to its ability to be taken in by the body through sunlight– is a significant gamer in keeping the body healthy. Its primary task, according to the national institutes of health’s office of dietary supplements, is to promote calcium absorption, making it essential for bone development and bone renovation (when mature bone tissue is eliminated and brand-new bone tissue is formed). Because of that, a lack of Vitamin D can lead to thin, brittle, or misshapen bones. But Vitamin D uses a variety of other advantages too, varying from positives for both physical and psychological health. Here are nine Vitamin D benefits you need to know about– including ways to get more of the vitamin in your day-to-day diet plan.
Vitamin D strengthens your bones
Vitamin D is well-known for its bone-building and strengthening powers. “Vitamin D promotes absorption of calcium in your gut, which ultimately enables typical mineralization of your bones,” jackie newgent, rdn, culinary nutritional expert and author of the tidy & & simple diabetes cookbook, informs health. Generally, the calcium that benefits your bones wouldn’t have the ability to do its job without Vitamin D. “you require Vitamin D for bone growth– and to prevent bones from ending up being brittle.” when teamed with calcium, it can assist prevent osteoporosis, a disease that represents that the density and quality of bone are reduced, she adds.
Vitamin D can help strengthen muscles
Along with its bone-building abilities, Vitamin D is likewise prominent in reinforcing muscles. “lack of Vitamin D in the body can increase the risk of having weak muscles, which in turn increases the threat of falls,” lana nasrallah, miles per hour, rd, scientific dietician at unc health, tells health. This is particularly crucial for the senior. “Vitamin D may assist increase muscle strength therefore preventing falls, which is a common issue that leads to significant disability and death in older grownups.”.
Vitamin D can support the immune system and battle inflammation
Dr. Nasrallah adds that Vitamin D can likewise assist build immunity. “it can support the body immune system by battling hazardous germs and viruses,” she states. In fact, this role in potentially preventing infections has become an important concern during covid-19 pandemic, as researchers have an interest in its prospective function in infection results. “there is specific interest in its role in viral infections such as influenza and coronavirus,” barry boyd, md, rdn, a yale medication hematologist, oncologist, and nutritional expert, informs health. He points to a 2017 bmj analysis of 25 randomized control trials comparing Vitamin D supplements to placebos, which discovered that Vitamin D decreased the danger of acute respiratory infection.
With either everyday or weekly Vitamin D supplements, particularly in individuals who lacked it. “studies show that high latitudes and winter are risk factors for both low Vitamin D, increased influenza, and other breathing disease and unfavorable outcomes,” he says. “we now are seeing a similar pattern with higher mortality rates in covid-19 infections,” though more research still requires to be done to identify whether the link is causal or merely a correlation.
Vitamin D can help enhance oral health
Because Vitamin D helps our body soak up calcium, it plays a crucial role in supporting oral health, decreasing the threat of dental caries and gum illness. A 2011 review in the journal of the tennessee dental association notes that while the research study is scant, there’s an “emerging hypothesis” that the vitamin is helpful for oral health, due to its result on bone metabolic process and “its ability to operate as an anti-inflammatory representative and promote the production of anti-microbial peptides.”.
Vitamin D can assist avoid type 1 and type 2 diabetes
While research studies are not definitive, Vitamin D may be valuable for avoiding both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, states newgent. One such study, released in 2006 in the journal diabetes care, found that while Vitamin D by itself did not efficiently lower the threat of a surplus of sugar in the blood, a combined day-to-day consumption of >> 1,200 mg calcium and >> 800 iu Vitamin D could efficiently decrease the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Vitamin D can help treat high blood pressure
According to a 2019 review released in the journal existing protein & & peptide science suggests that Vitamin D might play a role in treatment of hypertension– among the markers of cardiovascular disease– says newgent. According to authors of the review, “even short-term Vitamin D shortage might directly raise bp [high blood pressure] and promote target organ damage.” the scientists went on to include that, “due to the high correlation in between Vitamin D and high blood pressure, Vitamin D supplements therapy might be a brand-new insight in the treatment of high blood pressure.”.
Vitamin D can help you lose weight
Dr. Boyd explains that obesity is a recognized threat aspect for low Vitamin D levels– which implies more Vitamin D might aid with weight loss. One 2009 study in the british journal of nutrition found that, in overweight or overweight females with low calcium levels, those who took an everyday dose of calcium paired with Vitamin D were more effective shedding pounds than those who took a placebo supplement, due to an “appetite-suppressing effect” of the mix.
Vitamin D can help fight anxiety
The sun can cheer up your mood, therefore can Vitamin D. According to a 2017 review article in the journal neuropsychology, scientists found “a significant relationship between anxiety and Vitamin D deficiency.” while they acknowledged that more research is needed to specify the exact operations of it– such as, if low Vitamin D levels are a cause or result of depression– the authors advise “screening for and dealing with Vitamin D shortage in subjects with depression” noting that it is an “easy, affordable and may enhance anxiety outcome.”.
Vitamin D may help reduce the threat of certain cancers
Dr. Boyd points to different studies– the majority of which are referenced on the nationwide cancer institute’s (nci) website– that offer some proof that Vitamin D may have cancer fighting powers. “proof.
Is increasing that Vitamin D supplementation may improve cancer results,” he explains. The cancers for which the most human data are readily available are colorectal, breast, prostate, and pancreatic cancer.
The nci particularly calls out a few reasons that researchers are interested in a link between Vitamin D and a reduced threat of cancer. The company points out that some research reveals that occurrence and death rates for certain cancers were lower amongst people living in southern latitudes, where levels of sunlight direct exposure are relatively high, than amongst those living at northern latitudes, though additional research requires to be done to discover a particular causal or correlational link in between more sunlight direct exposure and a lower danger of cancer. More speculative proof, per the nci, shows, that cancer cells and of tumors in mice, Vitamin D has been discovered to have numerous activities that might slow or prevent the advancement of cancer cells and tumors in mice, consisting of promoting cellular distinction, decreasing cancer cell development, stimulating cell death (apoptosis), and lowering tumor capillary development (angiogenesis). (5 ).
Benefits of Vitamin D for males
There are a variety of Vitamin D advantages for men. Recently, Vitamin D has actually been the subject of much clinical research study. Research study shows that Vitamin D is not just important for bone health. this important nutrient also contributes in supporting healthy muscle development, testosterone levels, and mental health. In this short article, we supply information about Vitamin D and share three unexpected Vitamin D benefits for males.
Vitamin D is necessary for muscle advancement.
Vitamin D plays an essential function in the advancement of skeletal muscle, which is the muscle connected to bones that assist move the body. Sufficient Vitamin D is likewise crucial in enhancing muscle strength and efficiency.
Even elite professional athletes can benefit from adequate Vitamin D levels. In one study, scientists looked at the Vitamin D blood levels of more than 200 college football professional athletes. Almost 60% of these athletes had irregular Vitamin D levels, while 10% had a serious shortage. Those professional athletes with lower levels of Vitamin D had a higher prevalence of muscle pressure and core muscle injury. Adequate levels of Vitamin D are vital for high-level professional athletes and weekend warriors alike to optimize muscle strength.
Vitamin D supplementation might enhance testosterone levels.
The male reproductive tract is known as a target location for Vitamin D. Testosterone( a male hormonal agent) plays an essential function in bone mass, muscle strength, fat distribution, and even sex drive. One research study discovered that guys taking Vitamin D supplements had greater testosterone levels than the placebo group.
Vitamin D supplements might enhance mood.
Evidence for a link in between Vitamin D deficiency and mental health is growing. Vitamin D receptors are widespread in the brain, including the hippocampus, and it is believed that this nutrient may be a key player in our total psychological well-being. (6 ).
Negative effects of Vitamin D
Physicians tend to think about Vitamin D levels to be appropriate if there are at least 20 nanograms (ng) of the vitamin per milliliter (ml) of blood. If levels rise above 50 ng/ml, an individual may experience adverse side effects.
However, a lot of research suggests that the toxicity limit for Vitamin D is fairly high, around 200– 240 ng/ml.
An individual with levels of Vitamin D in this variety generally consumes between 10,000 and 40,000 international systems (ius) of the vitamin each day.
Below are a few of the most major negative effects associated with too much exposure to Vitamin D.
Hypercalcemia
Most of the substantial adverse effects connected with Vitamin D toxicity belong to hypercalcemia.
Hypercalcemia is an excess of calcium in the blood. This happens when there are more than 10,4000 ng/ml of calcium in the blood.
Scientists typically mention this limit as 10.4 milligrams (mg) of calcium per deciliter of blood or as 0.104 mg/ml.
There is a strong relationship between Vitamin D and calcium. When there are high levels of Vitamin D metabolites in the blood, this increases the amount of calcium that the intestinal tracts soak up.
High levels of Vitamin D metabolites can likewise promote the release of calcium from the bones into the bloodstream.
Having excessive calcium in the blood can cause a vast array of complications and signs. Some of the most severe consist of:.
- An anorexia nervosa
- Diarrhea and constipation
- Confusion, disorientation, or trouble believing
- Nausea and vomiting
- Joint and muscle pain
- Constant headaches
- Irritation and anxiety
- Unusual exhaustion
- Muscle weak point
- Increased thirst and more frequent urination
- An irregular heart beat
- Decreased reflexes
- A metal taste in the mouth
- High blood pressure
Kidney damage
Excess calcium in the blood stream can bind with phosphate and type crystals that deposit in soft body tissues.
These crystals can cause tissue damage and eventually organ damage, depending upon their location, number, and size.
The kidney is specifically vulnerable to calcium deposits because of its role as a filter and its many little passageways.
When calcium deposits get stuck in kidney tissues, nephrocalcinosis can happen. If this condition is extreme, it can trigger irreversible kidney damage and, ultimately, kidney failure.
Signs of nephrocalcinosis consist of:.
- Queasiness and vomiting
- Fever and chills
- Severe discomfort in the stomach, the sides of the back, or the groin area, including the testicles in guys
Irregular heart beat and heart attack
Extreme hypercalcemia can decrease or change the ability of the heart’s cells to operate, and people with extreme hypercalcemia often experience abnormalities in the heart beat.
An individual with seriously high levels of calcium or phosphate in the blood might also develop calcium deposits, or plaques, in the arteries or valves of the heart.
In 2012, medical professionals reported the case of a 70-year-old female who received calcium injections in the equivalent of 80,000 iu/day over 1 month.
She experienced hypercalcemia and total heart blockage, which needed an irreversible pacemaker.
Some signs of heart complications related to Vitamin D toxicity include:.
- An irregular heartbeat, which might be temporary or consistent
- Chest discomfort
- Unexplained fatigue
- Hypertension
- Discomfort when exercising
- Dizziness
- Chest discomfort
Fragile bones and bone discomfort
When there is excessive calcium circulating freely in the bloodstream, the body may not have sufficient hormones to bind the mineral to the bones effectively.
Vitamin D toxicity can cause hypercalcemia and subsequent issues with the bones. Some signs consist of:.
- Aching or agonizing bones
- Instability
- An increased rate of falling
- Bones that are prone to fracture or break
- Seriously stooped posture
- Serious back or joint discomfort
- Loss of height or length of limb
Dehydration
Vitamin D toxicity might cause dehydration.
Elevated levels of calcium in the blood can harm the kidney’s ability to focus urine.
This can lead to an individual producing and passing unusually large quantities of urine, which is called polyuria.
Researchers are not completely sure why this happens. One theory is that high calcium levels decrease the results of antidiuretic hormonal agents.
These hormonal agents encourage the kidneys to maintain water, and less hormonal agents may lead to larger quantities of diluted urine.
When a person passes a lot of diluted urine, they lose big amounts of water and electrolytes. For this reason, a person with Vitamin D toxicity might be prone to dehydration.
Signs of moderate dehydration include:.
- A dry mouth and tongue
- Restlessness
- Irritability
- Sunken eyes
- Increased thirst
- Reduced urinary output
- Reduced tear production and dry eyes
- Skin that is slow to return to normal after being pinched
Serious dehydration can lead to lethal conditions. Other signs and symptoms of this condition consist of:.
- A weak or absent pulse
- Low blood pressure
- Unexplained fatigue
- Extremely little or no urine output
- Unconsciousness
Pancreatitis
Hypercalcemia can trigger acute pancreatitis, which is the term for inflammation of the pancreas.
In 2017, researchers released a review of the features and treatment of Vitamin D toxicity-induced severe kidney injury.
They studied the experiences of 19 individuals with the toxicity. Each had taken approximately 6,000,000 iu of the vitamin over 1– 3 months.
Two of the 19 individuals experienced intense pancreatitis as a complication.
Signs of pancreatitis include:.
- Upper stomach discomfort that encompasses the back
- Queasiness and throwing up
- A fast pulse
- Weight-loss
- Fever
Lung damage
When high levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood bind to form crystals, these deposit in soft tissues.
The crystals are specifically likely to deposit in soft-tissue organs that act as filters, such as the lungs.
If many of these calcium salt deposits, or ectopic calcifications, exist in the lungs, they can impair the organ’s function.
Some signs of the resulting lung damage include:.
- Coughing
- Trouble breathing
- Chest pain (7 )
Dosing
Vitamin D is a necessary nutrient. Fish, eggs, and strengthened milk are excellent sources of Vitamin D. The quantity that needs to be taken in every day is called the suggested dietary allowance (rda). The rda is 600 iu (15 mcg) daily for people 1-70 years of age and 800 iu (20 mcg) daily for those 71 years and older. While pregnant and breastfeeding, the rda is 600 iu (15 mcg) daily. In children, the rda depends upon age. Vitamin D is likewise made in the skin after sun direct exposure. Spending 15-30 minutes in the sun every day need to suffice to preserve regular Vitamin D levels for many people.
Most people ought to not take in more than 4000 iu daily unless under the care of a doctor. Speak with a healthcare provider to discover what dosage might be best for a particular condition. (8 ).
Interactions
Possible interactions consist of:.
- Taking Vitamin D and aluminum-containing phosphate binders, which may be utilized to treat high serum phosphate levels in people with persistent kidney illness, might cause hazardous levels of aluminum in individuals with kidney failure in the long term.
- The anticonvulsants phenobarbital and phenytoin (dilantin, phenytek) increase the breakdown of Vitamin D and reduce calcium absorption.
- Atorvastatin (lipitor). Taking Vitamin D might impact the method your body processes this cholesterol drug.
- Calcipotriene (dovonex, sorilux). Don’t take Vitamin D with this psoriasis drug. The mix may increase the danger of excessive calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia).
- Cholestyramine (prevalite). Taking Vitamin D with this cholesterol-lowering drug can reduce your absorption of Vitamin D.
- Cytochrome p-450 3a4 (cyp3a4) substrates. Use Vitamin D very carefully if you’re taking drugs processed by these enzymes.
- Digoxin (lanoxin). Avoid taking high doses of Vitamin D with this heart medication. High dosages of Vitamin D can cause hypercalcemia, which increases the risk of deadly heart problems with digoxin.
- Diltiazem (cardizem, tiazac, others). Avoid taking high doses of Vitamin D with this blood pressure drug. High dosages of Vitamin D can trigger hypercalcemia, which might minimize the drug’s effectiveness.
- Orlistat (xenical, alli). Taking this weight-loss drug can decrease your absorption of Vitamin D.
- Thiazide diuretics. Taking these high blood pressure drugs with Vitamin D increases your danger of hypercalcemia.
- Taking steroid mediations such as prednisone can minimize calcium absorption and hinder your body’s processing of Vitamin D.
- Stimulant laxatives. Long-lasting use of high doses of stimulant laxatives can lower Vitamin D and calcium absorption.
- Verapamil (verelan, calan sr). Taking high dosages of Vitamin D with this high blood pressure drug can cause hypercalcemia, and might also decrease the efficiency of verapamil. (9 )
Cautions
This medication includes Vitamin D. Do not take drisdol, calciferol, cholecalciferol, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, or ergocalciferol if you are allergic to Vitamin D or any active ingredients contained in this drug.
Keep out of reach of children. In case of overdose, get medical aid or contact a toxin control center right away.
Cautions
- Ergocalciferol: utilize with caution in kidney disability (strong caution), heart disease, kidney stones, arteriosclerosis.
- Obtain serum calcium two times weekly throughout titration.
- Terminate if the client becomes hypercalcemic.
- The existence of tartrazine in some products may cause allergic reactions.
- Vitamin D toxicity might last >> 2 months after treatment is stopped.
- Limit consumption in babies with idiopathic hypercalcemia.
- Concurrent use of heart glycosides.
- Sufficient clinical reaction to Vitamin D treatment is dependent on sufficient dietary calcium.
- Maintain regular serum phosphorous concentrations in patients dealt with for hyperphosphatemia to prevent metastatic calcification.
- When dealing with hypoparathyroidism, concomitant treatment with intravenous calcium, parathyroid hormonal agent, and/or dihydrotachysterol might likewise be needed.
- Grownups with a body mass index (bmi) greater than 30 kg/m ² are at high danger for Vitamin D shortage due to storage of Vitamin D in fat; dosages higher than recommended everyday allowance might be needed but need to be thoroughly kept track of to prevent toxicity.
- In renal problems, supplementation with ergocalciferol may be required; display closely.
- In patients with rickets, the range between therapeutic and poisonous doses is narrow in Vitamin D– resistant patients; change dosage based on medical reaction to prevent toxicity.
Pregnancy and lactation
Use Vitamin D with care during pregnancy if the advantages exceed the risks. Animal studies show threat and human research studies are not offered, or neither animal nor human studies are done. Vitamin D is distributed into breast milk; usage with care while breastfeeding. (10 ).
Conclusion
It is commonly accepted that Vitamin D is important for the upkeep of skeletal health and accumulating evidence recommends that Vitamin D deficiency is an independent risk element for numerous extra-skeletal illness consisting of cancer. Whether Vitamin D is just a marker of risk or has actually some beneficial impacts on non-skeletal diseases remains to be illuminated. For that reason, existing suggestions regarding preventive medicine should be based on skeletal impacts of Vitamin D. While rdas have actually just recently been released for Vitamin D, it is also apparent that there is a substantial gap in between these suggestions and the real Vitamin D consumption and Vitamin D status in the general population. Health professionals and public health authorities are, for that reason, motivated to position further focus on combating Vitamin D deficiency. Potential techniques consist of food fortification for the general population, Vitamin D supplements in at-risk people such as the senior, and by promoting way of life adjustments such as outside exercise for the avoidance of weight problems with mindful and balanced sunshine exposure, and a healthy diet. Though, in addition, studies created to figure out the most optimal and effective means in attaining a physiologic and healthy Vitamin D status are urgently needed. (11 ).
References
- Https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/vitamin-d
- Https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/vitamin-d
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1047279708003190
- Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vitamin_d#mechanism_of_action
- Https://www.health.com/nutrition/vitamins-supplements/vitamin-d-benefits
- Https://blog.theralogix.com/vitamin-d-benefits-for-men/
- Https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322602#side-effects
- Https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-929/vitamin-d
- Https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements-vitamin-d/art-20363792
- Https://www.rxlist.com/consumer_vitamin-d/drugs-condition.htm
- Https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/35/2/1161