Passionflower

Any of a genus (passiflora of the household passifloraceae, the passionflower household) of primarily tropical woody tendriled climbing up vines or put up herbs with typically flashy flowers and pulpy typically edible berries. [1]

Overview

Passion flower (passiflora incarnata) is a climbing up vine with white and purple flowers. The chemicals in passion flower have soothing impacts.

Enthusiasm flower is belonging to the southeastern united states and central and south america. It’s been typically utilized to assist with sleep.

People use enthusiasm flower for anxiety, consisting of stress and anxiety before surgical treatment. Some people likewise take passion flower for insomnia, stress, adhd, discomfort, and many other conditions. However there is no good clinical evidence to support these uses. In some foods and beverages, enthusiasm flower is added for flavoring. [2]

Enthusiasm flower passiflora– history

The history of passiflora or ‘passion flower’ (flos passionis) is interesting and unique. It acquired its name from descriptions of its flower parts provided in the seventeenth century by spanish priests in south america, understood at that time as the ‘brand-new spain’. It was known by the spanish as “la flor de las cinco llagas” or the ‘the flower with the 5 wounds.’ ‘passionis’ refers to (christ’s) suffering. The parts were translated from drawings and dried plants by giacomo bosio, a churchman and historian, in rome (1609 ), as representing various aspects of the crucifixion.

Enthusiasm flower names.

Passiflora are now understood by numerous names worldwide. A few of the names listed below still reflect their religious origins.

Blaue passionsblume, calalagranadiglia, çarkıfelek çiçeği, chinola, fior ‘d pasiòn, fiore della passione, fleur de la passion, flor de la passió, flôr di passion, granadilla, grenadilla, grenadilo, guavadilla, isusova kruna (jesus crown), konyal, lilikoi, maracuja, maracujá, maracuyá, markisa, mburucuyá (a town in corrientes province, argentina. The original guaraní name from which all comparable names originated), mburukuja, mučenka, parcha, parchita, pasiflora, pasifloro, passiflora azzurra, passiflore, passiflore bleue, passionaria, passionera, enthusiasm flowers, passionsblomma, and sweet cup! [3]

Description

Passionflower (passiflora incarnata) is a sneaking perennial vine with white, purple-tinged flowers and orange berries that grows to a height of up to 30 ft (9 m). Initially utilized by native americans and the aztecs of mexico as a sedative, passionflower has actually been a popular folk solution for centuries in europe and north america. Other names for passionflower consist of maypop, granadilla, enthusiasm vine, and apricot vine. The herb, which is typically utilized today to relieve anxiety and insomnia, received its curious name from the spanish conquistadors who over-ran mexico and peru in the sixteenth century. In the flowers of the vine, they saw numerous signs of the passion of christ, which in christian custom describes the amount of time in between the last dinner and christ’s death. In the spaniard’s sophisticated analogy, the corona in the center of the flower was believed to resemble the crown of thorns worn by jesus during the crucifixion. The flower’s tendrils symbolized whips, the 5 stamens represented christ’s injuries, the total number of petals corresponded to the 10 faithful apostles (peter and judas did not make the cut), and so on.

While there are over 400 species coming from the genus passiflora, the range utilized for medicinal purposes is called incarnata, which can be equated “embodied.” the plant is gotten mostly from the southern united states, india, and the west indies, though passionflower likewise grows in mexico in addition to central and south america. Just the parts of the plant that grow in the air are used as a drug, in fresh and dried form.

Some examinations of passionflower have actually been performed in people; in addition, animal and other studies suggest that the herb has sedative, anxiolytic, and antispasmodic homes. The german commission e, considered an authoritative source of information on alternative solutions, reported that passionflower appears to decrease uneasyness in animals. In a 1988 study including rats that was released in a german journal of pharmacology, passionflower was revealed to lengthen sleep, decrease motor activity, and secure the rodents from convulsions. Regardless of findings such as these, scientists have actually been not able to recognize the herb’s active ingredients. Attention has focused on flavonoids (medicinal passionflower contains as much as 2.5% of these chemicals); maltol; and harmala alkaloids such as harman, harmine,.

Harmaline, and harmalol. (the germans tried to utilize harmine as a truth serum during world war ii because of the chemical’s credibility for inducing a euphoria-like state.) Some scientists speculate that it is the interaction, or synergy, of a number of chemicals in passionflower that is responsible for the herb’s therapeutic results. [4]

Ecology

Passionflower (passiflora incarnate) is a deciduous vine belonging to the majority of the eastern u.s. And a couple of states west of the mississippi river. It is often discovered trailing along the ground or climbing up close-by greenery in warm locations. The passionflower is the state wildflower of tennessee.

In kentucky, passionflower blossoms from may through august. The purple and white flowers have a tropical appearance and look absolutely nothing like the flowers of any other native plant. Bumble bees and butterflies are extremely brought in to the unique flowers. Passionflower is also a host plant for a number of types of butterfly and moth caterpillars.

The fertilized flowers will mature into leathery, green, egg-shaped fruit, roughly the size of kiwis. The inside of the fruit is full of pulp and is very seedy. Another typical name for passionflower is maypop allegedly due to the fact that the ripe fruit “might pop” when you step on it. A variety of wildlife, including some songbirds, will eat the ripe fruit or pull it apart to get at the seeds. In parts of the country, passionflower is also called a wild apricot and the ripe fruits are collected to be eaten raw or turned into jelly. As the fruit ages, it turns a yellow-colored brown.

Passionflower can be grown in garden settings and trained to grow up a trellis or along a fence. Nevertheless, it will spread out by suckers and can become aggressive, specifically in great garden soil, so think carefully about where you wish to plant it. When passionflower ends up being established, it is hard to eliminate. Passionflower needs at least 6 hours of complete sun in order to grow and bloom well. It will often flower in its 2nd or third year. [5]

Utilizes

Decorative

A number of types of passiflora are cultivated outside their natural range for both their flowers and fruit. Numerous hybrids have actually been called; hybridizing is presently being done thoroughly for flowers, foliage and fruit. The following hybrids and cultivars have actually gained the royal horticultural society’s award of garden benefit:.

• ‘ Amethyst’
• × exoniensis (exeter enthusiasm flower)
• × violacea

During the victorian era the flower (which in all but a few species lasts only one day) was incredibly popular, and numerous hybrids were developed using the winged-stem enthusiasm flower (p. Alata), the blue passion flower (p. Caerulea) and other tropical species.

Lots of cool-growing passiflora from the andes mountains can be grown successfully for their gorgeous flowers and fruit in cooler mediterranean climates, such as the monterey bay and san francisco in california and along the western coast of the u.s. Into canada. One blue enthusiasm flower or hybrid even grew to plus size at malmö central station in sweden.

Passion flowers have been a subject of research studies investigating extranuclear inheritance; paternal inheritance of chloroplast dna has been documented in this genus.the plastome of the two-flowered enthusiasm flower (p. Biflora) has been sequenced.

Fruit

Many species have round or extended edible fruit from 50 to 200 millimetres (2 to 8 inches) long and 25– 50 mm (1– 2 in) throughout, relying on the species or cultivar.

The enthusiasm fruit or maracujá (p. Edulis) is cultivated thoroughly in the caribbean, south america, south florida and south africa for its fruit, which is utilized as a source of juice. A small pink fruit that wrinkles easily and a bigger glossy yellow to orange fruit are traded under this name. The latter is normally thought about just a range of flavicarpa, however seems to be more unique in fact.

Sweet granadilla (p. Ligularis) is another widely grown types. In large parts of africa and australia it is the plant called “passionfruit”: confusingly, in south african english the latter species is more often called granadilla (without an adjective). Its fruit is somewhat intermediate between the two offered as p. Edulis.

Maypop (p. Incarnata), a common species in the southeastern us. This is a subtropical agent of this primarily tropical family. Nevertheless, unlike the more tropical cousins, this specific species is sturdy enough to endure the cold down to − 20 ° c (− 4 ° f) prior to its roots pass away (it is native as far north as pennsylvania and has been cultivated as far north as boston and chicago.) The fruit is sweet, yellow-colored, and roughly the size of a chicken’s egg; it takes pleasure in some appeal as a native plant with edible fruit and couple of insects.

Huge granadilla (huge tumbo or badea, p. Quadrangularis), water lemon (p. Laurifolia) and sweet calabash (p. Maliformis) are passiflora species in your area well known for their fruit, however not well-known in other places yet.

Wild maracuja are the fruit of p. Foetida, which are popular in southeast asia.

Banana passionfruits are the really elongated fruits of p. Tripartita var. Mollissima and p. Tarminiana. These are locally eaten, however their invasive homes make them a bad choice to grow beyond their native variety.

Ayahuasca analog

A native source of beta-carbolines (e.g., enthusiasm flower in the United States and Canada) is blended with desmanthus illinoensis (illinois bundleflower) root bark to produce a hallucinogenic drink called prairiehuasca, which is an analog of the shamanic brew ayahuasca.

Standard medication and dietary supplement

Incarnata (maypop) leaves and roots have a long history of use as a standard medicine by native americans in north america and were adapted by european colonists. The fresh or dried leaves of maypop are used to make a tea that is used as a sedative. Passionflower as dried powder or an extract is utilized as a dietary supplement. There is insufficient scientific evidence for utilizing passionflower to treat any medical condition.

Passionflower is categorized as usually acknowledged as safe (gras) for usage as a food active ingredient in the united states. [6]

Passion fruit nutrition truths

One cup of passion fruit (236g) supplies 229 calories, 5.2 g protein, 55.2 g of carbohydrates, and 1.7 g of fat. Passion fruit is a great source of vitamins a and c, iron, magnesium, and potassium. The following nutrition details is provided by the usda for purple passion fruit.

• Calories: 229
• Fat: 1.7 g
• Sodium: 66.1 mg
• Carbohydrates: 55.2 g
• Fiber: 24.5 g
• Sugars: 26.4 g
• Protein: 5.2 g
• Vitamin c: 70.8 mg
• Vitamin a: 151mcg
• Iron: 3.8 mg
• Magnesium: 68.4 mg
• Potassium: 821mg

Carbohydrates

Enthusiasm fruit gets a bulk of its calories from carbohydrates. There are about 55 grams overall per cup, with about half of those from fiber (almost 100% of the day-to-day worth) and the other half from natural sugars.

Fiber assists decrease the blood glucose effect of passion fruit. In fact, it is on the lower side of the glycemic index, with a rating of somewhere between 4.5 and 27.5. The glycemic load of passion fruit (which considers serving size) is likewise low, between 0.8 and 5.2.

Fats

Enthusiasm fruit is low in fat. Even a big, one-cup portion has under 2 grams amount to.

Protein

A cup of passion fruit has 5.2 grams of protein. That makes it one of the few fruits that provide a healthy dose of this macronutrient.

Minerals and vitamins

Enthusiasm fruit is high in vitamin a, vitamin c, iron, magnesium, and potassium. It also supplies smaller quantities of other nutrients, including phosphorus, choline, calcium, magnesium, folate, niacin, and vitamin k.

Calories

You will consume roughly 229 calories in a one-cup serving of enthusiasm fruit. For comparison, one cup of kiwi contains 110 calories3 and the exact same amount of pineapple provides 82.5 calories.

Summary

Enthusiasm fruit is greater in calories than many other fruits, but it is also an excellent source of fiber and protein. You also get a healthy dosage of vitamin c, vitamin a, iron, magnesium, and potassium when you consume this fruit. [7]

How does it work?

Passion flower consists of big quantities of gaba.

Gaba is a repressive neurotransmitter and its receptors are dispersed throughout the brain, mainly in the basal ganglia and the cortex. Gaba is responsible for soothing excitatory action in the brain by buffering the neurotransmitter glutamate. When discovered in suitable levels in the brain, gaba has muscle relaxant results.

Gaba likewise reduces hyperexcitability in the brain cells. This is directly correlated with the action of passion flower, since this excitability is accountable for such things as muscle cramps, seizures, anxiety, insomnia and other psychiatric conditions.

Passion flower likewise contains numerous other active constituents consisting of flavonoids, harmala alkaloids, maltol, lycopene, and certain flavonoid glycoside elements. In addition to the gaba, these flavonoid glycoside parts are credited with the sedative, analgesic and anxiolytic effects. [8]

Advantages of passion flower

May help reduce the results of menopause, including hot flashes and depression

Menopause is related to feeling of anxiety and depression, which is often brought on by low levels of amma-aminobutyric acid (gaba), which is a chemical in the brain. Hormone treatment that counts on modern-day medicine can develop a lot of unwanted adverse effects. Research studies have been conducted that show that passion flower can treat menopausal signs such as vasomotor indications (hot flashes and night sweats), insomnia, anxiety, anger, headaches, and might be a fantastic alternative to standard hormonal agent treatment.

Females are looking for natural solutions more and more, and passion flower might help by increasing the levels of gaba. When the levels of gaba are increased, it assists to decrease the activity of a few of those depression-inducing brain cells. The alkaloids in passion flower may prevent the production of monoamine oxidase, which is exactly what anti-depressant medication tries to do. Studies have shown that it can might lower anxiety, a typical problem for ladies in menopause.

Another study showed that enthusiasm flower might lower those annoying hot flashes! The research study conducted used numerous natural remedies, and the outcomes showed that anise, licorice, black cohosh, red clover, evening primrose, flaxseed, st. John’s wort, valerian and enthusiasm flower might relieve hot flashes in those that are menopausal along with those that are premenopausal.

Lower high blood pressure

The journal of dietary biochemistry carried out a research study dosing with 50 milligrams per kg of body weight utilizing passion flower skin extract. The research study found that blood pressure levels were substantially lowered, likely due to the gaba-promoting properties of the extract.

Additional studies that have been released suggesting enthusiasm flower fruit pulp as a remedy for reducing systolic high blood pressure by administering 8 milligrams of enthusiasm flower for a duration of 5 days. The outcomes suggested that enthusiasm flower extract increased levels of an antioxidant enzyme and decreased levels of oxidized lipids that can trigger damage from the accumulation of toxic substances and waste products in the body.

Lower anxiety

Passion flower may be handy in lowering anxiety and has actually long been called a folk treatment. It’s thought that certain substances found in enthusiasm flower may communicate with some receptors in the brain provoking relaxation. Due to the fact that passion increases gaba, the activity of some brain cells that may be triggering anxiety is decreased and makes you feel more relaxed. Research studies recommend that enthusiasm flower extracts may even have moderate anti-inflammatory and anti-seizure advantages.

A study was performed for four weeks on 36 out-patients that were diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (gad). The results showed that enthusiasm flower extract was an effective treatment for managing the stress and anxiety and did not adversely affect job performance unlike the artificial therapy.

Another study involving children showed that nervousness was lowered after using the combined plant extracts to include passion flower, st. John’s wort and valerian root.

Addresses adhd symptoms

Adhd (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) appears to be an ongoing issue for numerous parents, and sadly, standard drugs such as adderall can trigger lots of undesirable negative effects. Adhd is a disorder of the brain which manifests in signs such as negligence, hyperactivity and impulsivity that hinder a kid’s advancement or day-to-day activities.

Fortunately is that a study showed moms and dads selecting alternative adhd treatments more and more, with nutritional therapies being at the top of the treatment list. Herbs such as roman chamomile, valerian, lemon balm and enthusiasm flower have actually been kept in mind as possible treatments, though it’s always crucial to contact your doctor initially given that some might trigger allergic reactions. Tests were carried out using the conner’s moms and dad ratings to see if important oils could be effective. The outcomes indicate that adhd symptoms did improve after using essential oils.

Helps in reducing insulin levels

A research study was performed utilizing yellow enthusiasm fruit peel flour to see how it impacted blood sugar levels.

Insulin level of sensitivity was evaluated in an effort to much better understand insulin resistance in diabetics. To carry out the research studies, 43 volunteers with type 2 diabetes (28 women and 15 males) were asked to take a specific quantity of yellow passion fruit peel flour for a period of two months. The results showed a reduced insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic clients, which recommends that passion flower may benefit diabetic clients.

Enhances your sleep

Sleep is one of the most important things you can do for your body, and we all love a good night’s sleep! Studies were conducted of clients who had issues sleeping. The study, focusing on patients with bipolar illness, tested different natural organic medications to include passion flower, and the outcomes revealed an improvement in sleep, perhaps by lowering anxiety.

A double-blinded, placebo-controlled study involved clients needed to consume enthusiasm flower tea for week. Participants revealed statistically considerable sleep improvement. Passion flower, integrated with valerian root, may be one of the very best combinations to assist with insomnia and could be ideal, if you appear to have difficulty switching off the brain at night, by soothing the cells within it.

Lowers inflammation

Enthusiasm flower may lower disease-causing inflammation. Analysis were conducted of the phytonutrient and antioxidant contents of the wild passion fruit species, particularly p. Tenuifila, and p. Setacea. The scientists paid most attention to the seeds and the explants from seedlings in addition to the adult version. The high level of phenolic substances revealed the effective antioxidant activity of the extract of the passion flower plant.

Another study was carried out on paw edema, which is the buildup of fluid in the paw area of animals. When using dried enthusiasm flower, the antioxidant activity reduced the fluid accumulation; for that reason, suggesting the decrease of inflammation. [9]

What is passionflower extract good for?

Along the way, people have actually also started to discover how topical use of passionflower extract can also benefit the skin, helping to moisturize, safeguard, and calm swelling.

Completely moisturizing– without clogging pores

Passionflower extract is abundant in fats, especially linoleic acid, which is an omega-6 fat that’s necessary to our entire body’s functions. We get most of linoleic acid through diet, but it’s also quite helpful when used topically. This part belongs to the factor passionflower extract feels soft on the skin, never ever oily. Linoleic acid also helps repair and preserve the skin’s natural barrier, which is how we keep moisture from leaving.

Soothing residential or commercial properties

There are some major anti-inflammatory compounds in passionflower extract, consisting of linoleic acid, vitamin a (in the form of lycopene), and vitamin c. Inflammation frequently is available in the form of acne and redness in skin, so these hero ingredients provide a welcome relief to a number of skin conditions.

Safeguarding skin

Passionflower includes numerous antioxidants, including vitamin c and lycopene, that reduce the effects of the destructive complimentary radicals that come from the ultraviolet rays and contamination. In other words, they safeguard skin cells and their dna from the aging impacts of the sun. [10]

How to utilize passion flower to relax your skin?

You can hang around and money trying the ideal enthusiasm flower skin item. But if you’re more of a do it yourself type, you can give my 5 preferred ways you can use enthusiasm flower in the house to get all those useful charm advantages a shot.

Enthusiasm flower salt scrub

The most basic method to experience the fragrance and satisfaction of enthusiasm flower is in a scrub. Scrubs are extremely simple and cost effective to make, plus they have a long prolonged life span compared to other natural recipes. Personally, i choose salt over sugar, but you can use the base exfoliant of your skin’s desire.

Develop your scrub in a glass bowl by adding six ounces of your exfoliate of option. Include a half tablespoon of dried, organic passion flower and stir in two and a half ounces of your favored oil. For this blood circulation improving scrub, i utilized calendula oil and a half teaspoon of indian sandalwood oil. Gently stir everything together, adding an approximately a teaspoon of pure water for consistency, and transfer to a sealable container.

Enthusiasm flower body wash

You don’t need to use a body scrub every day, so you’ll need a passionate cleanser for the remainder of the week. Thankfully, dried passion flower can make a scrumptious tea for your taste and body.

Start this recipe by bringing 2 or 3 cups of water to a boil. Location a tablespoon each of enthusiasm flower and organic rose petals or buds in a non reusable tea bag and after that move to a heatproof glass or mug. As soon as your water has come to a boil, permit it to cool for about 4 minutes.

Add a heaping tablespoon of raw honey into the cup with tea and pour six ounces of the recently boiled water into the cup. Stir in the honey till it’s totally liquefied and let cool. When the body wash has cooled, transfer to a sealable container, preferably one with a convenient pump top. Include 2 or three drops of geranium vital oil into the container and seal securely. In my restroom, this body wash will last at least seven days, however it keeps for at least two weeks when cooled.

Passionflower face cream

According to sources, the oil from enthusiasm flower is filled with vitamins a and c which are exceptional additions to your daily moisturizer. Combine enthusiasm flower oil with your favorite homemade lotion recipe and use daily on makeup free, clean skin.

Passion flower face steam

I have a new resolution to steam my skin weekly, and i couldn’t resist including my brand-new natural good friend, enthusiasm flower. For this steam, i included equivalent parts of matcha green tea leaves and dried enthusiasm flower delegates a big bowl. After i poured steaming (not boiling) water in the bowl, i hovered over it with a towel for about 15 minutes prior to cleaning my face and followed up with my new enthusiasm flower face cream. My face felt well hydrated and i definitely felt chill af after 15 minutes of breathing in these aromas.

Enthusiasm flower hair serum

Hair serums are terrific for restoring damaged hair and promoting development on any issues locations– for me, that normally suggests my hairline. After all, it’s seen its reasonable share of stresses during detangling and my hat fetish phase. For this serum, i blended equal parts prickly pear seed oil and passion fruit oil and put in a tinted sealable container. Then, i added a few drops of lavender for aroma and relaxing my scalp. Up until now, my hair is liking the feel of passion. [11]

Passionflower tea dish

This relaxing passionflower tea recipe can be taken in before bed to support deep, peaceful sleep. It can also be drunk throughout the day to quiet psychological chatter, increase resilience to stress, and lift state of mind.

Active ingredients

• 1-2 tsp dried passionflower
• 1 cup water
• 1 tsp extra herb from the above list (optional– if you’re utilizing valerian root see the notes area for additional directions)

Instructions

Location 1-2 teaspoons dried herb in a cup. Pour 8 ounces of boiling water over the herb, cover the cup with a small plate or cover, and enable the infusion to high for 20-30 minutes. Strain out the herbs and consume 4 oz. Up to 4 times per day.

Notes

To brew passionflower with valerian root: bring 1 1/3 cups water to a light simmer (not a boil) and include 1 teaspoon valerian root. Cover and simmer on low for 20-40 minutes, then get rid of from heat. Add the.

Passionflower, cover, and permit to steep for an additional 20-30 minutes, stress out the herbs, then serve. [12]

Possible adverse effects

Negative effects have actually been rarely reported for passion flower however might consist of queasiness, throwing up, sleepiness, fast heart beat, and mental slowing. When taking passion flower, ensure you do not drive or run heavy machinery up until you know how it affects you.

In general, enthusiasm flower is thought about safe and nontoxic. The u.s. Fda (fda), however, does not manage the production of herbs and supplements. Most herbs and supplements are not completely checked, and there is no assurance relating to the active ingredients or safety of the items. [13]

What is the dosage for oral passion flower (passiflora incarnata)?

Children must not be given passion flower without a doctor’s supervision and dosage modification.

Grownups

Stress and anxiety conditions

• Liquid extract: take 45 visit mouth daily.
• Tablet: use up 90 mg by mouth daily.

Opiate withdrawal

• Liquid extract: take 60 stop by mouth daily.

General dosing

• Dried extract: take 0.25 to 2 grams by mouth three times a day.
• Tea: take 0.25 to 2 grams extract per 150 ml of water, by mouth two to three times a day and 30 minutes prior to bedtime.
• Liquid extract: take 0.5 to 1 ml by mouth three times a day.
• Cast: take 0.5 to 2 ml by mouth three times a day. [14]

Interactions

Sedative medications (cns depressants) interaction ranking:.

Moderate beware with this mix. Talk with your health supplier.

Passionflower might trigger sleepiness and drowsiness. Medications that triggers drowsiness are called sedatives. Taking passionflower along with sedative medications might trigger excessive sleepiness.

Some sedative medications include pentobarbital (nembutal), phenobarbital (luminal), secobarbital (seconal), clonazepam (klonopin), lorazepam (ativan), zolpidem (ambien), and others. [15]

Safety measures

Using herbs is a time-honored method to strengthening the body and dealing with illness. Herbs, however, can trigger negative effects and can communicate with other herbs, supplements, or medications. For these factors, you should take herbs with care, under the guidance of a health care service provider.

Do not take passionflower if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.

For others, passionflower is typically thought about to be safe and nontoxic in suggested doses and for less than 2 months at a time. [16]

Conclusion

• Belonging to central and south america, passionflower has actually been utilized for centuries as a sedative and antidepressant.
• Thanks to its unique components, the enthusiasm flower has a relaxing result and relieves tension, convulsions and stress and anxiety and can assist with inner restlessness, sleep disorders and states of anxiety and stress.
• The medical plant acts rapidly against tension, tension and anxiety and can hence enhance sleep by assisting in dropping off to sleep and promoting sleeping through the night.
• As a dietary supplement or holistic solution, the extracts of the enthusiasm flower herb are processed in pills, powders, tablets or dragees and utilized in a range of ways. [17]

Referrals

1. Https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/passionflower
2. Https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-871/passionflower
3. Https://www.passionflow.co.uk/passion-flower-history/
4. Https://www.encyclopedia.com/plants-and-animals/plants/plants/passionflower
5. Https://www.backyardecology.net/passionflower/
6. Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/passiflora#uses
7. Https://www.verywellfit.com/passion-fruit-nutrition-facts-4173991#toc-passion-fruit-nutrition-facts
8. Https://aceva.com/blogs/education/passion-flower-benefits
9. Https://draxe.com/nutrition/passion-flower/#benefits_of_passion_flower
10. Https://www.ghostdemocracy.com/blogs/ingredients/passionflower-extract
11. Https://www.bustle.com/articles/191508-5-passion-flower-beauty-recipes-that-will-calm-your-skin-hair-photos
12. Https://mommypotamus.com/passionflower-tea-recipe/
13. Https://www.verywellmind.com/how-is-passion-flower-used-to-treat-anxiety-3024970
14. Https://www.medicinenet.com/passion_flower_passiflora_incarnata-oral/article.htm#
15. Https://www.rxlist.com/passion_flower/supplements.htm#interactions
16. Https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/herb/passionflower
17. Https://smartsleep.com/blogs/schlafmagazin/passionsblume#fazit