Table of Contents
Any of a genus (urtica of the family urticaceae, the nettle household) of chiefly coarse herbs equipped with stinging hair legs, which smarted from the stings of nettles. [1]
Summary
Stinging nettle (urtica dioica) is a plant with pointed leaves and white to yellow-colored flowers. The root and above ground parts are utilized for diabetes.
The stinging nettle plant is typically 2-4 meters high. It includes ingredients that may decrease swelling and increase urination. The leaves are sometimes consumed as a cooked vegetable.
Stinging nettle is most commonly utilized for diabetes and osteoarthritis. It is likewise in some cases utilized for urinary system infections (utis), kidney stones, bigger prostate, hay fever, and other conditions, but there is no good clinical proof to support these usages.
Do not puzzle stinging nettle (urtica dioica) with white dead nettle (lamium album). [2]
History of nettle
Nettle usage has been taped as far back as the bronze age (3000 bce– 1200 bce), and it is still used in herbalism today. Between 58 and 45 bce, there are records of nettle’s stinging residential or commercial properties assisting julius caesar’s troops in helping them remain awake and alert during the night. Aside from its usage in organic supplements, nettle has also been popularly utilized as a fabric. Similar to textiles made from flax, nettle can be made into different textures, from silky to coarse. Nettle material also has the ability to be colored or bleached like cotton. It was a typical household textile in scottish families during the 16th and 17th centuries. And during the very first and 2nd world wars, nettle fiber was used as a substitute for cotton yarns, when this product was not available. Because of its strong and strong fibers, nettle would be a terrific ally if you were ever stranded in a forest, as it can be used to make natural cordage. This natural cordage could then be utilized to help develop a shelter, start a fire, fashion clothes, make tools, and more, making it the perfect plant to have around in a survival scenario. [3]
Description
This common hedgerow perennial grows to above 1.5 m and has comprehensive creeping rooting stolons. The leaves are pointed with toothed edges. The stem is square in cross section and covered with stinging hairs. The small green male and female flowers are borne in tassels by different plants.
Key features
Young plant: it has longer and more triangular very first true leaves than annual nettle.
Plant: it is tall and upright, with leaves larger than those of small nettle. The leaves and stem are covered in stinging hairs.
Lookalikes
Typical nettle might be confused with small nettle, nevertheless it has shorter cotyledons than small nettle and the first real leaves of typical nettle are longer and more triangular. [4]
Circulation
Urtica dioica is thought about to be belonging to europe, much of temperate asia and western north africa. It is plentiful in northern europe and much of asia, typically found in the countryside. It is less extensive in southern europe and north africa, where it is restricted by its need for damp soil, but is still typical. It has been presented to lots of other parts of the world. In north america, it is extensively distributed in canada and the united states, where it is discovered in every province and state except for hawaii, and also can be discovered in northern most mexico. It grows in abundance in the pacific northwest, particularly in places where yearly rains is high. The european subspecies has actually been presented into australia, north america and south america.
In europe, nettles have a strong association with human habitation and structures. The existence of nettles might show the website of a long-abandoned structure, and can also show soil fertility. Human and animal waste may be accountable for elevated levels of phosphate and nitrogen in the soil, providing a perfect environment for nettles. [5]
Physiology and phenology
Pollard and briggs (1984b) explored the structure and function of the stinging hairs of u. Dioica subsp. Dioica. When brushing contact is made with a hair the swollen idea is broken off obliquely along a basically established fracture line, leaving a sharp point (” resembling the diagonal idea of a hypodermic needle”). This point permeates the skin and the subsequent pressure squeezes the base of the stinging cell which thus actively injects the toxin contained within it. Pollard and briggs (1984b) explain that regardless of a lot of biochemical and pharmacological research over the past 100 years, the exact nature of the toxin is not totally comprehended, although it is known to include serotonin and acetylcholine (connor, 1977).
Dioica is a long-day plant and might require as much as 16 hours daylength for blooming (bond et al., 2007). Flowering (in britain) takes place from late may to early august and viable seed is shed or might stay on the dead stems till december or january. According to the kew seed information database (2015 ), tested seeds germinated readily after stratification at 5oc or 6oc for 8 weeks before being moved to rotating temperatures of 25/10oc, 8/16oc, 33/19oc or 12/12oc. The seeds of north american plants of u. Dioica subsp. Gracilis apparently need no vernalization and fresh seed will germinate in 5 to 10 days.
With regard to plant advancement, new roots are produced in late summer or fall either from old rhizome product or from the base of aerial shoots (greig-smith, 1948). They continue to grow at or simply below the soil surface up until the death of the aerial shoots when they turn upwards to form brand-new shoots. Young rhizomes are reddish in colour and have stinging hairs and scale leaves. Older roots and roots have a yellow corky layer and so appear yellow in colour. The roots branch a lot and form numerous fine laterals.
Greig-smith (1948) says that brand-new aerial shoots of u. Dioica continue growth until about 15 cm tall and after that survive the winter season (in britain), resuming growth the following spring. Flowering begins in late might or june. In canada, according to bassett et al. (1977 ), the north american subspecies is killed back to ground level by frost each year however its rhizomes survive and sprout again in spring.
Taylor (2009) mentions work by gunk and hunt (1975) in stating that although u. Dioica has a little seed mass its competitive method includes an extremely high relative development rate, which coincides with high stature, extensive lateral spread and the propensity to collect leaf litter, characteristics that assist in the unique occupation of fertile websites.
Wheeler (1981 ), cited in taylor (2009 ), compared the growth of forest and pasture clones of u. Dioica subsp. Dioica at different light levels. Plants shaded by deciduous woodland grew much better in their light program of 37.3% of direct occurrence light from november to april and of 23.8% from might to october than did pasture clones in 84.3% of direct incident light in regard of height, internode length and shoot dry mass. Nevertheless the pasture clones produced 82% more seeds than the woodland ones. When plants were grown in pots at 25%, 35%, 67% and 100% (full greenhouse light) irradiance, there was no substantial difference in between overall dry mass of plants.
Taylor (2009) reported that plants wilted under really dry conditions, however they might have the ability to ‘solidify’ to drought to some extent. The very same author says that the plant can not withstand flooding of its roots and roots for extended periods. Greig-smith (1948) observed that the shoot tips are not affected by spring frosts but might pass away back after early fall frosts. U. Dioica does not persist in saline areas (bassett et al. (1977 ). [6]
Types
Stinging nettle, or urtica dioica, is a common plant that grows in the united states, canada, and europe. It mostly grows in wet, fertile soil.
Nevertheless, people might refer to lots of plants in the urtica family as stinging nettle. These consist of:.
- Urtica galeopsifolia: this has no stinging hairs, and people typically describe it as the stingless nettle.
- Urtica gansuensis: this type of nettle has stinging hairs and is regional to eastern asia.
- Urtica gracilis: people may refer to this as the american stinging nettle.
- Urtica afghanica: this might have stinging hairs or are hairless, and it is belonging to central and southwestern asia. [7]
Advantages of nettle
Here are 6 evidence-based benefits of stinging nettle.
Consists of many nutrients
Stinging nettle’s leaves and root provide a wide variety of nutrients, consisting of:.
- Vitamins: vitamins a, c and k, along with numerous b vitamins
- Minerals: calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and sodium
- Fats: linoleic acid, linolenic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and oleic acid
- Amino acids: all of the necessary amino acids
- Polyphenols: kaempferol, quercetin, caffeic acid, coumarins and other flavonoids
- Pigments: beta-carotene, lutein, luteoxanthin and other carotenoids
What’s more, a number of these nutrients act as anti-oxidants inside your body.
Antioxidants are molecules that help safeguard your cells against damage from totally free radicals. Damage triggered by complimentary radicals is connected to aging, in addition to cancer and other harmful illness.
Studies show that stinging nettle extract can raise blood antioxidant levels.
Summary
Stinging nettle provides a range of vitamins, minerals, fats, amino acids, polyphenols and pigments many of which likewise act as anti-oxidants inside your body.
May reduce inflammation
Swelling is your body’s way of healing itself and combating infections. However, persistent inflammation can inflict significant damage. Stinging nettle harbors a variety of substances that may decrease inflammation.
In animal and test-tube research studies, stinging nettle minimized levels of multiple inflammatory hormonal agents by interfering with their production.
In human research studies, using a stinging nettle cream or consuming stinging nettle products appears to relieve inflammatory conditions, such as arthritis.
For instance, in one 27-person research study, using a stinging nettle cream onto arthritis-affected locations substantially decreased discomfort, compared to a placebo treatment.
In another research study, taking a supplement that contained stinging nettle extract substantially reduced arthritis discomfort. Furthermore, participants felt they might lower their dose of anti-inflammatory pain relievers because of this capsule.
That said, research study is insufficient to recommend stinging nettle as an anti-inflammatory treatment. More human research studies are required.
Summary
Stinging nettle might help reduce inflammation, which in turn could aid inflammatory.
Conditions, including arthritis, but more research is needed.
May treat bigger prostate signs
Up to 50% of men aged 51 and older have a bigger prostate gland.
A bigger prostate is typically called benign prostatic hyperplasia (bph). Researchers aren’t sure what triggers bph, but it can cause considerable discomfort during urination.
Surprisingly, a few studies recommend that stinging nettle might help deal with bph.
Animal research exposes that this powerful plant might avoid the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone– a more powerful form of testosterone.
Stopping this conversion can help in reducing prostate size.
Research studies in people with bph show that stinging nettle extracts assist deal with brief- and long-lasting urination problems– without adverse effects.
Nevertheless, it’s uncertain how reliable stinging nettle is compared to conventional treatments.
Summary
Stinging nettle may help in reducing prostate size and deal with signs of a bigger prostate gland in men with bph.
May deal with hay fever
Hay fever is an allergy that includes swelling in the lining of your nose. Stinging nettle is deemed an appealing natural treatment for hay fever.
Test-tube research study shows that stinging nettle extracts can inhibit inflammation that can set off seasonal allergic reactions.
This includes obstructing histamine receptors and stopping immune cells from releasing chemicals that activate allergic reaction symptoms.
However, human research studies note that stinging nettle is equal to or only a little better at treating hay fever than a placebo.
While this plant might prove a promising natural treatment for hay fever symptoms, more long-term human research studies are needed.
Summary
Stinging nettle might lower hay fever signs. Yet, some research study indicates that it might not be a lot more effective than a placebo. More studies are needed on stinging nettle’s impacts on hay fever.
May lower blood pressure
Approximately one in three american adults has hypertension.
High blood pressure is a severe health issue due to the fact that it puts you at risk of heart disease and strokes, which are amongst the leading causes of death worldwide. Stinging nettle was generally utilized to treat high blood pressure. Animal and test-tube studies highlight that it might help lower high blood pressure in several methods.
For one, it might promote nitric oxide production, which serves as a vasodilator. Vasodilators relax the muscles of your blood vessels, helping them broaden.
In addition, stinging nettle has compounds that may serve as calcium channel blockers, which relax your heart by reducing the force of contractions.
In animal research studies, stinging nettle has been shown to lower blood pressure levels while raising the heart’s antioxidant defenses.
Nevertheless, stinging nettle’s impacts on high blood pressure in people are still unclear. Additional human research studies are required before recommendations can be made.
Summary
Stinging nettle may assist lower high blood pressure by allowing your blood vessels to relax and lowering the force of your heart’s contractions. Yet, more human research studies are needed to confirm these impacts.
May aid blood glucose control
Both human and animal research studies link stinging nettle to lower blood sugar levels.
In fact, this plant consists of substances that might imitate the results of insulin.
In a three-month study in 46 individuals, taking 500 mg of stinging nettle extract 3 times everyday significantly reduced blood sugar levels compared to a placebo.
Regardless of promising findings, there are still far too couple of human studies on stinging nettle and blood sugar control. More research is needed.
Summary
While stinging nettle might assist lower blood glucose levels, more human studies are essential before recommendations can be made.
Other possible advantages
Stinging nettle may use other potential health benefits, including:.
Reduced bleeding: medicines consisting of stinging nettle extract have actually been discovered to lower excessive.
Bleeding, specifically after surgical treatment.
Liver health: nettle’s antioxidant residential or commercial properties might protect your liver versus damage by toxins, heavy.
Metals and swelling.
Natural diuretic: this plant might assist your body shed excess salt and water, which in turn might lower blood pressure briefly. Remember that these findings are from animal studies.
Injury and burn recovery: using stinging nettle creams might support injury recovery, consisting of burn injuries.
Summary
Stinging nettle’s other potential health advantages consist of decreased bleeding, increased liver health and wound recovery. [8]
How to utilize?
Nettle are great as tea, in soup as a fresh vegetable like spinach, as a pot herb, as a vegetable compliment to dishes and while some nutrition material is lost with cooking there is still a great level left– don’t over-cook though, as the majority of veggie nutrients are lessened by long cooking durations. The dried item can be contributed to flour in bread, pasta, and noodle dough as a protein-rich supplement for vegans and vegetarians. In the spring i regularly choose an excellent sized handful of fresh tops of nettles and add a pint of boiling water and just let the leaves stay in the infusion water. Take the drink warm or cold with a slice of lemon and to fizz it up utilize a 1/3 of a glass of the instilled water with a sparkling mineral water and either a little lemon juice or a slice of lemon or lime and some ice.
Nettle tea can be purchased in many grocery store and health stores nevertheless if you have a fresh source this will be the most delightful and healthy. [9]
How to brew nettle tea?
Merely add water to your collected nettle leaves and heat to a near boil. Use about 2 cups of water for a cup of leaves; there’s no requirement to measure. You can make the tea stronger by steeping longer, or weaker by adding more water. As soon as the water is near boiling, decrease heat and simmer for a couple minutes. Put through a little strainer and the tea is ready to drink. Some individuals choose a small bit of sugar added to the tea, however i discover the taste is simply fine with no ingredients.
The cooked leaves can also be eaten with a bit of butter melted over top, or they can be added to soups and stews. If you are going to consume the leaves, taste a small bit first to be sure the sting has actually left.
A word of caution
Any new substance should be introduced gradually to your body. A cup or more of nettle tea per day suffices to take pleasure in the benefits which nettles deal. Those new to nettles need to begin with percentages.
If you will be bringing kids along while harvesting nettles, which is a good knowing experience for them, make sure to take adequate precautions to keep them from being stung by the leaves. Long clothing and gloves ought to be worn at all times when dealing with nettles. Once they are prepared or brewed into tea, they lose their sting.
So if you’re aiming to shake the winter season blahs and reinvigorate yourself for spring, a simple corrective elixir might be as close as a neighboring weed patch. And since nettles grow in the same area year after year, it only takes one discovery to bring you an all set supply of nature’s miracle tonic for spring. [10]
Nettle soup
Ingredients
- 1/2 large shopping bag of fresh nettle tops
- Salt
- 1 tablespoon extra virgin olive oil
- 1 teaspoon butter
- 1/2 cup chopped shallots
- 1/2 cup sliced celery
- 1 pound yukon gold or russet potatoes, peeled and sliced
- 4 cups chicken stock, homemade or store-bought
- 1 to 2 cups water
- 1 bay leaf
- 1 teaspoon dried thyme (or a couple sprigs of fresh thyme)
- Newly ground black pepper
- 1 1/2 tablespoons lemon juice
- 2 to 3 tablespoons heavy whipping cream
Approach
Blanch the nettles:
Bring a large pot of gently salted water to a boil. Prepare a big bowl of ice water. Using protective gloves, transfer the nettle tops into the boiling water. Blanch for 2 minutes.
Usage tongs to lift the wilted blanched nettles out of the pot and transfer to the bowl of ice water to shock them. Strain in a colander.
Cut away and discard any big stems from the nettles. (this must be easier to do now that the nettle stingers have actually lost their sting due to the blanching.).
You ought to have 3 to 4 cups of blanched tender nettle tops and leaves for this recipe. Any blanched nettles not used at this point can be frozen for future usage.
Sauté the shallots and celery:
In a 6-quart soup pot, heat the olive oil and butter on medium heat. Include the sliced shallots and celery and cook up until softened, about 5 minutes.
Add the potatoes, stock, bay leaf, and thyme:
Add the chopped potatoes, the chicken stock, bay leaf, and thyme. If using saltless or low sodium stock, add one teaspoon of salt. Bring to a simmer and simmer for 5 minutes.
Slice the blanched nettles, contribute to the soup pot, and simmer
Roughly chop the blanched nettles. Include 3 to 4 cups of the chopped blanched nettles to the pot. Add enough water to simply cover the nettles and potatoes, 1 to 2 cups. Go back to a simmer and simmer for 15 minutes or up until the potatoes are soft and the nettles tender.
Purée the soup:
Eliminate the bay leaves (and thyme sprigs if utilizing) from the pot. Utilizing an immersion mixer or operating in batches with a standing mixer, purée. Go back to the pot and take off the heat.
Adjust the spices and serve:
Include salt to taste. Depending upon the saltiness of the stock you are using, you might require to include a minimum of a teaspoon or more to the soup. Add 1/2 teaspoon of newly ground black pepper. Add lemon juice. Right prior to serving, swirl in the cream. Change spices to taste. Sprinkle with black pepper and garnish with a sprig of fresh mint to serve. [11]
Nettle pasta
You can use any of your preferred pasta recipes and incorporate the nettle.
Active ingredients
- 3 cups flour
- 2 or 3 large handfuls of fresh nettle tops (gathered from plants no greater than 18″ tall and only taking the top 6″)
- 2-3 eggs
Directions
- Bring nettle and water to a boil. Simmer for 15-20 minutes.
- Pressure nettles, retaining the water– you’ll use that water to boil your pasta in later.
- Puree nettles and the eggs utilizing immersion blender.
- Make a well out of the flour in a mixing bowl and include the nettles and eggs mix. Mix thoroughly till you have a smooth dough ball. (you might need to include extra flour if the mixture is wet or the retained nettle water if the mixture is dry.)
- Put the ball of dough in a bowl and let it represent 15 minutes.
- Present about 1/3 of the dough at a time into a ball.
- Cover the ball of dough with damp towel and let reserve for 10-15 minutes.
- Roll 1/3 of the dough at a time on a floured surface as thin as you would like– can be very thin or thicker if you like thick noodles.
- Cut into any length strip– as long or short as you desire, or in squares if you wish to make ravioli. Hang them, if possible, for about 10 minutes. We have a pasta hanger, however you can utilize a tidy plastic wall mount.
- Bring the conserved nettle water to a boil again and place your green noodles into the boiling water. Cook for 3– 8 minutes depending upon the density. Inspect them for doneness. [12]
Nettle syrup dish for a healthy radiance
This strengthening syrup nourishes the blood, skin, and hair. It is terrific to utilize throughout times of stress, after menstruation or a prolonged illness, while breastfeeding, or whenever the body needs an extra increase (for a ready-made variation, attempt the strong woman syrup readily available in our store). Talk with your medical professional about this formula if you have excess iron shops, liver or kidney disease, coagulation issues, if you take blood-thinners, or if you are pregnant.
Ingredients
- 1 lb. Fresh nettle tops (or 4 oz. Dry)
- 2 oz. Dried dang gui root
- 2 oz. Dried milky oat tops (or 1/4 pound. Fresh)
- 2 oz. Dried burdock root (or 1/4 lb. Fresh, approximately 1 large root)
- 1 oz. Dried horsetail (or 2 oz. Fresh)
- 2 oz. Prunes and/or raisins
- 1 gallon (4 l) water
- 1 cup blackstrap molasses
- ( optional) ~ 2 tbsp. Citric acid
Instructions
- Combine herbs, dried fruit, and water in a non-reactive (stainless steel or ceramic-lined) pot and give a boil.
- Lower heat and simmer on low heat a minimum of two hours, or up until water level has actually dropped to about half.
- Get rid of from heat and let cool. Strain out herbs, pushing through cheesecloth to capture all the liquid.
- While liquid is still warm (not hot), add molasses and stir up until dissolved.
- Transfer to glass container and store in fridge for up to 1 month.
- ( optional): to extend service life, add a tablespoon per quart of citric acid, or preserve with alcohol. To do this, measure final syrup volume and add 50% of that volume of your preferred standard abv alcohol (brandy or vodka works well), to create a syrup that is 20% pure ethanol by volume. For example, if steps 1-4 resulted in 2 liters of syrup, you would need to include 1 liter of 40-proof alcohol to approach a 20% alcohol syrup. [13]
Nettle side effects
Get emergency medical help if you have any of these indications of an allergy: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.
Although not all adverse effects are known, nettle is believed to be potentially safe when taken for a brief time period (no longer than 6 months).
Typical side effects of nettle might include:.
- Sweating;
- Skin inflammation; or
- Stomach discomfort. [14]
How to take?
120mg of stinging nettle (root) taken 3 times a day (amounting to 360mg) is associated with benefit in benign prostate hyperplasia.
For allergies, the studied dosage is 300 mg two times a day of freeze-dried nettle leaf.
The proof is much better for nettle root and prostatic enlargement than for nettle leaf and allergies. [15]
Possible interactions
Antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs (blood slimmers)
Stinging nettle might affect the blood’s ability to clot, and might disrupt blood-thinning drugs, consisting of:.
- Warfarin (coumadin)
- Clopidogrel (plavix)
- Aspirin
Drugs for high blood pressure
Stinging nettle may reduce high blood pressure, so it might enhance the results of these drugs:.
- Ace inhibitors: captopril (capoten), elaropril (vasotec), lisinopril (zestril), fosinopril (monopril)
- Beta-blockers: atenolol (tenormin), metoprolol (lopressor, toprol xl), propranolol (induran)
- Calcium channel blockers: nifedipine (procardia), amlodipine (norvasc), verapamil (calan, isoptin)
Diuretics (water pills)
Since stinging nettle can function as a diuretic, it can increase the impacts of these drugs, raising the danger of dehydration:.
- Furosemide (lasix)
- Hydrocholorothiazide
Drugs for diabetes
Stinging nettle might decrease blood sugar level, so it could reinforce the effects of these drugs, raising the risk of hypoglycemia (low blood glucose).
Lithium
Stinging nettle might have a diuretic impact and might decrease the body’s capability to remove this drug.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
In a clinical study of patients with acute arthritis, stewed stinging nettle leaves boosted the anti-inflammatory result of diclofenac, an nsaid. Although this impact can reduce pain, speak to your doctor before taking or utilizing stinging nettle if you also take nsaids. [16]
What are cautions and safety measures for nettle?
Cautions
This medication contains nettle. Do not take stinging nettle or urtica dioica if you dislike nettle or any active ingredients consisted of in this drug.
Keep out of reach of children. In case of overdose, get medical assistance or call a toxin control center instantly.
Contraindications
Diabetes, impaired heart or renal function. [17]
Conclusion
Nettle (urtica dioica l.) is herbaceous perennial that has been used for centuries in herbal remedies. More recently, nettle extracts have likewise been utilized in cosmetics because of the many advantages of their topical application for skin health. Their prospective anti-aging action is of specific interest and is mainly ascribed to their antioxidant capability. Here, using a speculative style method and a clustering analysis, we linked the phytochemical structure of nettle extracts to their biological activities. This technique verified the antioxidant capacity of nettle extracts in addition to offering the first evidence of another system for their anti-aging capacity including the inhibition of enzyme activities, such as elastase and collagenase. We associated these repressive results to ursolic acid and quercetin present in the nettle extracts. Our results likewise showed the possibility of extracting ursolic acid, quercetin and other phenolic compounds differentially to acquire an extract with a strong antioxidant capability and anti-aging activities towards both elastase and collagenase. This could be of particular interest for cosmetic applications of nettle extracts. [18]
References
- Https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nettle
- Https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-664/stinging-nettle
- Https://www.gaiaherbs.com/blogs/seeds-of-knowledge/an-essential-guide-to-nettle-history-benefits-and-uses
- Https://ahdb.org.uk/knowledge-library/distribution-and-biology-of-common-nettle-in-the-uk
- Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/urtica_dioica#distribution
- Https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/55911
- Https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325244#types
- Https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/stinging-nettle#toc_title_hdr_2
- Https://www.nutritioninnorfolk.co.uk/nutritious-nettles/
- Https://learn.eartheasy.com/articles/nettle-tea-how-to-make-a-natural-spring-tonic/
- Https://www.simplyrecipes.com/recipes/nettle_soup/
- Https://theherbalacademy.com/12-nettle-recipes-to-add-to-your-cookbook/
- Https://fiveflavorsherbs.com/blog/6-stinging-nettle-recipes-for-a-superfoodfilled-spring/
- Https://www.drugs.com/mtm/nettle.html#side-effects
- Https://examine.com/supplements/stinging-nettle/
- Https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/herb/stinging-nettle
- Https://www.rxlist.com/consumer_nettle/drugs-condition.htm#what_are_warnings_and_precautions_for_nettle
- Https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/s1631074816300790